Bovine bone-based hydroxyapatite decorated with SnFe2O4/Bi2WO6 composite for photocatalytic malachite green containing greywater effluent treatment and antibacterial applications

Goy, Chien Kai (2024) Bovine bone-based hydroxyapatite decorated with SnFe2O4/Bi2WO6 composite for photocatalytic malachite green containing greywater effluent treatment and antibacterial applications. Final Year Project, UTAR.

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Abstract

Greywater contains dyes, pathogenic bacteria and microorganism, making its treatment essential for addressing potential future water crises. Heterogeneous photocatalysis with semiconductor material is proved highly efficient in removing organic contaminants which is well-suited in Malaysia as this country is located in a tropical latitude with consistent sunlight. In this study, a novel 7.5wt%- SnFe2O4/Bi2WO6/HAp ternary nanocomposite material was fabricated via solvothermal-deposition method. The morphological structure, energy bandgap, charge transfer properties, recombination of photoexcited electron-hole pairs, crystallinity, and crystal orientation of as-fabricated photocatalyst are determined via different analytical techniques. The result displayed that visible-light absorption range of composite materials has extended to longer wavelength that covered the visible light spectrum in addition to 7.5wt%-SnFe2O4/Bi2WO6/HAp with 1wt% HAp loading has the greatest visible light photosensitivity. The photocatalytic capabilities are assessed through decomposition of MG under sunlight illumination for 180 minutes. This ternary nanocomposite has demonstrated the highest photocatalytic activity where removal efficiency of 84.63% MG (kapp = 0.0088 min -1 ) and 99.59% MG (kapp = 0.0211 min-1 ) in greywater were achieved separately. The phytotoxicity studies revealed toxicity level of MG-containing greywater was greatly reduced after being treated with 7.5wt%-SnFe2O4/Bi2WO6/HAp-1wt%. The E. coli inactivation experiment showed that this photocatalyst has the highest anti-microorganism ability and largely restrained bacterial activity. This present work manifests multifunction of 7.5wt%-SnFe2O4/Bi2WO6/HAp-1wt% in photodecomposition of organic dyes and antibacterial application under sunlight irradiation.

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