A cross-sectional study of assessing heat stress variability and its determinants among adult populations in Kampar, Perak, Malaysia

Ling, Ivan Kieng Shiang (2026) A cross-sectional study of assessing heat stress variability and its determinants among adult populations in Kampar, Perak, Malaysia. Final Year Project, UTAR.

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Abstract

Background: Heat stress has become an increasing public health concern in tropical countries such as Malaysia, where persistently high temperatures and humidity intensify thermal discomfort and heat exposure. In community settings, daily activities during peak heat hours may increase the risk of heat-related symptoms even among the general population, particularly in rapidly developing semi-urban areas such as Kampar, Perak. Despite growing concerns regarding climate change and rising temperatures, limited local studies have evaluated heat stress at the community level by integrating environmental measurements with individual behavioural and demographic factors. Therefore, understanding heat exposure, associated symptoms, and contributing factors is essential for developing effective mitigation and adaptation strategies. Objectives: This study aimed to (i) assess heat exposure levels using the Universal Thermal Climate Index (UTCI) during peak heat hours, (ii) determine the prevalence of heat stress symptoms among adults, and (iii) identify factors associated with heat stress in Kampar, Perak. Methodology: A cross-sectional study was conducted among 85 participants using a structured questionnaire and environmental measurements. Heat exposure was evaluated using Wet Bulb Globe Temperature (WBGT) parameters to derive UTCI values. Collected data included sociodemographic characteristics, occupational factors, lifestyle behaviours, health status, adaptive practices, and knowledge related to heat stress. Statistical analyses were performed using nonparametric tests and multiple linear regression to identify significant predictors of the heat stress score. Results: The findings revealed that participants were exposed to very strong heat stress conditions, with a mean UTCI of 40.89°C during peak heat hours. A high prevalence of heat stress symptoms was reported, particularly thirst (83.5%), hot, dry skin (63.5%), headache (61.2%), and fatigue (55.3%). Although participants demonstrated relatively high adaptive practices, knowledge levels were moderate. Multiple linear regression analysis identified age (β = -0.252, p = 0.019), BMI (β = -0.224, p = 0.017), current occupation status (β = 0.243, p = 0.012), physical activity level (β = 0.218, p = 0.024), night time heat disruption (β = 0.301, p = 0.001), drinking water accessibility (β = -0.306, p = 0.001), and total adaptive score (β = 0.223, p = 0.011) as significant predictors of heat stress. Conclusion: Heat stress among adults in Kampar is influenced by a combination of demographic, occupational, behavioural, and environmental factors, with night time heat disruption and water accessibility emerging as key determinants. While adaptive behaviours are present, they appear to be reactive to experiencing heat stress rather than preventive. These findings highlight the need for targeted interventions, including improved access to drinking water, management of night time thermal conditions, workplace adjustments, and promotion of proactive heat adaptation strategies to reduce heat-related health risks in tropical settings.

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