论余华转型时期的底层男性书写

陈, 艾琳 (2023) 论余华转型时期的底层男性书写. Master dissertation/thesis, UTAR.

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Abstract

余华是中国当代有影响力的作家，其作品一直聚焦底层人物。于 20 世纪 90 年 代创作的长篇小说转型后，余华主要专注于底层男性的描写，这些角色丰富立体， 形象突出。他用温和细腻的笔触，勾勒出弱小的底层男性反抗苦难荒诞世界的图景， 呈 现了一种张力，彰显了他们内在的精神特质。余华转型后的叙事富有特色，用高超的叙 事技巧，凸显了底层男性的形象特征。 承上，本研究围绕着“底层男性书写”为研究对象，以余华转型后六部长篇小说 作为研究范围：《在细雨中呼喊》《活着》《许三观卖血记》《兄弟》《第七天》和 《文城》。本文主要援引文本细读法、社会研究方法和叙事学理论，辅之存在主义理 论、马斯洛理论和巴赫金的狂欢理论，来分析余华转型后笔下的底层男性的角色类型、 苦难的生存境遇、反抗的行为以及余华的写作技艺。 论文框架分为五个章节，第一章绪论部分，对研究背景、文献综述、预期成果 等进行阐述。第二章对小说中的不同社会角色进行归类，根据不同的角色，论述底层 男性的性格特质并归纳分类，以梳理文本底层男性的人性的善、人性的恶和人性的复杂 书写。第三章论析底层男性的苦难和反抗的书写，指出他们的生存状况和精神面貌。 第四章剖析了余华的叙事特色以及高超书写技艺，即指出余华以细腻与温情，滑稽与 幽默，语言与叙事书写风格的特色及技艺，成功呈现了底层男性书写的形象特征。第 五章是结语部分，总结了余华转型时期的底层男性书写的底层男性类型、苦难与反抗 和高超的叙事技艺。 承上，余华转型以后的底层男性书写，根据不同的社会角色的分类，用文本细读 和社会研究方法，可以分成失衡的父亲角色、回归的父亲和丈夫角色、失衡与回归的 朋友角色，体现了他们形象特点，彰显了人性的丑恶和美好。底层男性面对各种的苦难，辅助用存在主义理论、马斯洛理论来阐释他们的乐观、坚忍和选择存在的 意义，来反抗苦难，挖掘了底层男性内在的精神特质。转型后的底层男性书写的叙事 技巧，笔者用叙事理学理论和巴赫金的狂欢理论，来阐述底层男性书写的叙事特色之 音乐性、狂欢性和诗意性，更加深刻地呈现出底层男性的形象特质和生活状态。 本研究成果指出余华转型后的底层男性书写，研究他们的性格特质和内在精神， 凸显了人性的善恶，并由此归纳余华呼吁人们关注艰难生存的底层人物，给予他们 人 文关怀的题旨。Yu Hua is an influential contemporary Chinese writer, and his works have always been deeply concerned about the figures of the lower-class. After the transformation of the novels created in the 1990s, Yu Hua mainly devoted himself to the depiction of lowerclass males. These characters were plentiful and vivid, with outstanding images. With gentle and delicate brushstrokes, he sketched a picture of the weak and lower-class make resisting the absurd world of suffering, representing a kind of tension and highlighting their inner spiritual qualities. After the transformation, Yu Hua's narrative was full of characteristics, using superb narrative skills to highlight the image characteristics of the lower-class male. Focusing on "lower-class male writing" as the research object, Yu Hua's six novels after the transformation, namely, "Yelling in the Drizzle", " To Live", " Chronicle of a Blood Merchant", "Brothers", "The Seventh Day" and "Wen Cheng" were used as the scope of research. Mainly citing text perusal, social research methods, and narrative theory, supplemented by existentialist theory, Maslow theory, and Bakhtin’s carnival theory, after Yu Hua's transformation, the role types of lower-class men, the suffering survival situation, the behavior of resistance, and Yu Hua's writing skills were analyzed. The framework of the paper is divided into five chapters. The first chapter is the introduction part, which explained the research background, literature review, expected results, etc. In the second chapter, the different social roles in the novel are classified, according to different roles, the character traits of the lower-class men are discussed and classified, so as to sort out the goodness, evil, and complexity of human nature of the lower-class men in the text. In the third chapter, the writing of the suffering and resistance of the lower-class men was explored, to point out their living conditions and spiritual outlook. In the fourth chapter, Yu Hua's narrative characteristics and superb writing skills were revealed. In other words, it was pointed out that Yu Hua had successfully presented the image characteristics of lower-class male writing with the characteristics and skills of fineness and warmth, funny and humorous, colloquial, and narrative writing styles. The fifth chapter is the conclusion part, in which the types of lower-class men, suffering and resistance, and superb narrative skills written by the lower-class men in YuHua'stransition period were summarized. After Yu Hua's transformation, according to the classification of different social roles, using text perusal and social research methods, the lower-class male writing was divided into unbalanced father roles, returning father and husband roles, unbalanced and returning friend roles, reflecting their image characteristics, highlighting the ugliness and beauty of human nature. The various sufferings faced by the men in the lower-class are assisted by existentialist theory and Maslow’s theory to explain their optimism, perseverance, and the meaning of choosing to exist, resist suffering and tap the inner spiritual qualities of the men in the lower-class. Regarding the narrative skills of the lower-class male writing after the transformation, based on the theory of narrative science and Bakhtin’s carnival theory, it expounded the musicality, carnival and poetry of the narrative characteristics of the lower-class male writings, which presented the image characteristics and life status of the lower-class male more deeply. According to the research results of this study, it was pointed out that the lower-class male after Yu Hua's transformation wrote and studied their personality traits and inner spirit, thus highlighting the good and evil of human nature. Moreover, Yu Hua appealed the public to pay attention to the lower-class people who are struggling to survive, and the theme of giving them humanistic care was summarized accordingly.

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